THE BATTLE OF MANGAL: 1821 AD

Jadoons, Tanolis, Marjans, Karrals and their other allies intercepted the passage of Hari Singh Nalwa, Governor of Kashmir, at Mangal, who was coming from Kashmir without facing any resistance from Garhi Habibullah to Mansehra. Parleys having failed, Hari Singh stormed their position and burnt Mangal town. Jadoons, Tanolies, Marjans and other allies suffered a heavy loss of lives. As a further punishment, Hari Singh levied a fine of rupees 5/- on every household inhabited by Jadoons. He built a fort at Nawanshehr in the centre of Jadoons’ area and garrisoned it with strong contingent of Sikh force. The exploits of Hari Singh pleased Ranjit Singh, who appointed him the governor of Hazara. In between 1822 and 1837, Hari Sing ruled Hazara with unprecedented barbarity. In 1823, he inflicted severe chastisement on Jadoons, Swathis and Tanolies, who had taken advantage of his absence and attacked the forts of Nawanshehr, Shinkiari and Darband. The Jadoons were defeated at Nawanshehr with heavy slaughter. At Nara in Mishwani area, Hari Singh himself was wounded in the fighting. When recovered, he surprised the Jadoon villagers of Bagra, where he slew every armed man, as Jadoons had sided with Mishwani and Utmanzais in the encounters of Nara.
A renowned hero of Jadoon tribe, Shaikha Salar Jadoon, father of Abdullah Khan of village Chamba, alongwith other notables of the Hazara, was blown away from a gun at Haripur on the orders of Hari Singh Nalwa on the advice of Muqadam Musharaf, chief of the Gujars of Kotnajibullah.

The Jadoons 68

Names of some other valient heroes blown away from gun, besides Sheikha Jadoon, are as under:

1. BostanKhan,TarinPathanofDervesh.
   
2. Muhammad Khan, Tarin Pathan of Talokar
   Mohri.
   
3. JalalKhan,DilazakPathanofSaraiSaleh.
   
4. SherMuhammad,MishwaniPathan.
   
5. SalimKhan,MishwaniPathan.
   

During the First Sikh War in 1846, the people of Hazara attempted to shake off Sikhs’ rule and the first to rise were Dhunds, lead by the Pirs of Palasi. They were joined later by the people of Northern Hazara, the Jadoons, the Tarins, the Tanolis and Karrals, etc. During Sikh rule, Barkhurdar Khan, Peru Khel, Hassazai of Dhamtaur was the Khan of the Jadoon tribe. 

SIKHS’ RULE: 1818-48

Sikhs’ rule in Hazara started from 1818 AD when Hashim Khan, a Turk of Mankrai, murdered his fellow chieftain, Kamal Khan. To save himself, Hashim Khan betrayed his country to the Sikhs. At his invitation, Makhan Singh, the Sikh Governor of Rawalpindi, invaded Hazara and built a fort at Serai Saleh, and levied tribute from Haripur plain. 

DURRANI RULE

Durranis controlled Hazara through heads or chiefs of different tribes, to whom large allowances and Jagirs were awarded. Kabul rulers were only interested in drawing good fighters from different tribes, as needed from time to time and, to have a safe journey between Kabul and Kashmir rather than exacting revenue. Jadoons were also managed through their chiefs. Soldiers of Jadoon and Tanoli tribes had gallantly taken part in the third battle of Pani Pat in 1761 AD fought between the forces of Ahmad Shah Abdali and Marhattas. 

JADOONS’ INTRUSION INTO HAZARA

The Jadoons intruded into the Hazara, round about the end of seventeenth or at the beginning of eighteenth century. In this respect, the views of the Gazetteer of Hazara District, 1907 are as under:
“During the decline of Mughal dynasty, changes of great importance took place in the political constitution of the tracts, now included in the district. These changes arose mainly from two causes - the decay of vitality of the old families, and the increasing

The Jadoons 61

aggressiveness of the Pathans and their allied races. One of the most notable of these events was the invasion of Pakhli by Swathis in a succession of inroads during the seventeenth century. They came from Swat, the country on the Swat river northeast of Peshawar, being driven out by pressure from the Pathan tribes.
Shortly before their eviction, their Sovereign was one Sultan Pakhal, of the dynasty of the Jehangiri Sultans, from whom the name of Pakhli is derived. The latest inroad was probably made early in the eighteenth century, and was led by a Saiad named Jalal Baba, whose tomb is in the Bhogarmong valley. The Turks were dispossessed, and the Swathies established themselves in the northern portion of the district and in the hill country adjoining to the west.
Similarly, the Tanolies, were pushed out of their trans-Indus country round Mahaban by the Yusufzais, and established themselves in the tracts now called by their name. The Jadoons, a Pathan tribe, also crossed the Indus and appropriated to the old Turk rights in the country round Dhamtaur. The Karrals and Dhunds began to assert their independence of the Gakhars; the Pathan tribe of Tarins acquired a large portion of the rights of the elder Gujar families in the Hazara plain; and the Utmanzais, whom the remaining Gujars called across the Indus to Tarbela in order to strengthen their position, obtained possession by mortgage and sale of much of the land belonging to those who had invited their aid.

The Jadoons 62

All these events appear to have taken place in the end of seventeenth or at the beginning of the 18th century. In the total absence of all written records, it is impossible to place them in their correct order, or to describe exactly how they came about. Nor is it necessary to repeat the exaggerated traditions of each tribe. The changes were the natural result of the absence of a strong controlling central authority, and of a system in which might was the chief or only right. A weak tribe would find its territory the subject of harassing demands and attacks from some poor but braver tribe in the vicinity. Unable to defend itself unaided, it would call its neighbours to help. To them, it would give land in payment for their arms and, on a service tenure, subordinate to the old lords. But in the course of time, the latter would become stronger, while their retainers would grow more numerous and exacting in their demands, and so, gradually, the original tribe would be entirely supplanted.
Accounts of the Jadoon intrusion, their settlement and encounters with local tribes in the Hazara have been recorded in details in the history books. Hence, here lengthy detail has been avoided.
Due to rapid growth in population, particularly in its Hassazai subsections, Jadoon tribe had faced great hardships in the area. Because, the area, in which they were dwelling, was mostly mountainous and unproductive. Large families and meager income compelled them to search for new avenues. So, under the law of nature, they had to struggle for their survival and tried their fortune in the cis-Indus of Hazara. In the lower plain of Hazara, Jadoon, firstly acquired lands through mortgages from Dilazaks and Turks around villages of Bagra, Shahmaqsood, etc.

The Jadoons 63

On the northern side of the Hazara, a body of strong fighting men of Jadoon tribe particularly of its Hassazai subsection were staying at Inayatabad and Gherwal in Pakhli Plain as mercenaries under the protégé of Swathi Khans. Swathi Khans exploited them against their rivals.
During the decline of Mughals, changes of great importance took place on the political arena of the tracts now included in Hazara. Due to loose control of the central government, there was a complete anarchy in the northern parts of the Mughal Empire. The law of “Might is Right” was prevailing everywhere.
In those days of anarchy, a dispute erupted between Karral and Tanoli tribes of Hazara over the usurpation of Karral rights by the later at Chamba village. Karrals at that time were weak and not in a position to take back lands from Tanolis. In these circumstances, the only alternative for Karral tribe was to seek help of a stronger tribe against the aggressor. So, the Karrals approached Swathi Khans of Pakhli and sought their help. They (Swathis) acceded to their request and persuaded Jadoons to help the Karrals. As already been mentioned, a group of Jadoons at that time was staying at Pakhli. An agreement was reached between both the tribes (Jadoon and Karral with the mediation of Swathi Khans), according to which, villages of Jaswal and Kyal were to be granted to Jadoons as a reward in case of success. Accordingly, Jadoons marched from Pakhli towards Karrals’ territory. On the way, they encamped at Dhamtaur, which was part of the Turks’ domain. The scenery of Dhamtaur and its fertile agricultural land attracted the Jadoons. Instead of

The Jadoons 64

going onward they decided to prolong their stay at Dhamtaur, which created doubts in the minds of Turks. They considered it an open challenge to their authority. So, they attacked the Jadoons but were defeated by being inflicted with a heavy loss of lives. The success of Jadoons proved a turning point in their future role in Hazara. Turks were evicted from their possession. Consequently, Jadoons emerged as a third power, besides Tanolis and Karrals, in the area. They became master of vast lands and steadied their footings in Hazara. To strengthen their position further, they sent for reinforcement from Trans-Indus Area.
The day to day changing situation in their neighbour-hood alerted the Tanolis and Karrals. They felt danger from the newly emerging power of Jadoons. Keeping in view the gravity of the situation, both the tribes shunned their differences and united themselves against Jadoons. Turks also joined hands with them. Hence, a new and great alliance of Tanolies, Karrals and Turks was formed against the Jadoons. On the other hand, Jadoons were not sitting idle. They were aware of the seriousness of the situation and ulterior motives of the alliance. To strengthen their position, they had requested their brethren in Gadoon Area for help. So, fresh reinforcements of Jadoons were despatched to Dhamtour from Gadoon Area.
At that time, Sahib Khan and Bhadur Khan were the leading Khans and rulers of Tanolies while Mustajab Khan and Aziz Khan were leaders of Karrals. Under their command, allied forces attacked the Jadoons, but they (Jadoons) charged them so gallantly that the allied forces could not stand before

The Jadoons 65

them. Jadoons fought under the command of Naseer Khan, Peru Khel, Hassazai. Sahib Khan Tanoli, the leading commander of the allied forces, was killed in the encounter, which disheartened the allied forces and they ran away from the battlefield in panic. They also suffered a heavy loss of lives. In this way, Jadoons carried the day. The battle was fought at Dhamtaur plain.
After the defeat of Karrals, Tanolis and Turks, the Jadoons occupied their villages such as Banda Bazdar, Langra, Khuta Qabr area, Banda Sahib Khan, Kalu Maira, Nowshera, etc, from Tanolis. Karrals surrendered to them the villages of Bagnotaur, Sirbanha, Rajoia plain (all ilaka such as of Dhangar) Sultanpur, Chamba, etc. Turks were deprived of Dhamtaur, Rash Plain upto Tannan and Salhad pass. After the victory of Dhamtaur, Jadoons established themselves in the Rash plain and Dhanger.
Now the Jadoons had taken steps to apportion the conquered land among themselves. The whole land was firstly divided into three divisions also called tappas with their headquarters at Dhamtaur, Nawanshehr and Rajoia. Tappa means a district, tract, country, etc. and not a representative of subsection, section or a branch of a tribe, as wrongly considered by the masses. Salhad, Shaikul Bandi, Bagnotaur, Sirbanha and half of Mangal area were attached with Dhamtaur. Kakul, Mirpur and half of the Mangal area with Nawanshehr. Banda Said Khan, Banda Buzdar, Nowshera, Langra, Banda Sahib Khan, Kalu Maira, Chamba, Sultanpur, Bandi Atai Khan, Banda Shaikhan, Keyala, Chamnaka, Jeswal, Keyal, Gharhi Phulgran and the remaining Dhangar with Rajoia. The distribution of tappas or divisions

The Jadoons 66

was made by drawing lots. Dhamtaur had fallen to Hassazais, Nawanshehr to Mansoors and Rajoia to Salar sections and subsection of Jadoon tribe. After this distribution of land, they shifted to their respective tappas or divisions of land. Although Hassazai is a subsection of Mansoor, yet they were given one third of land on the basis of their larger number of fighting men.
Baghra, Kholian and other surrounding villages had fallen to Hassazai branch through its individual efforts. 

GOVT. ACTION AGAINST POPPY GROWERS-1986

Poppy had been cultivated from centuries in this area, which had been the major source of income of the inhabitants of the area. To eradicate this menace, the government in 1986, firmly decided to stop its cultivation. Consequently, the government, on March 8, 1986, launched a drive to eradicate poppy crop, during which an unpleasant incident took place at Gandaf area, in which five precious lives were lost (according to an other version eight person were killed). Later, in order to prevent largescale poppy cultivation and provide alternate employment opportunities to the people, the government

The Jadoons 58

established an industrial area, called the Gadoon Amazai Industrial Estate.
Unfortunately, both the unhappy incidents occurred (1950 and 1986) during the reines of Muslim League (Abdul Qayyum Khan & Arbab Jehangir Khan).
The print media gave wide publicity to this uncalled for incident. The Daily Frontier Post Peshawar, March 9, 1986, described the incident in the following manner:
“120 CULTIVATORS ARRESTED IN GADOON AREA. 5 DIE IN BLOODY SHOWDOWN OVER POPPY GROWTH
“Five persons died and 31 others sustained injuries as a result of exchange of fire between the law enforcing agencies and the poppy cultivators in the Gadoon area of Swabi Tehsil on Saturday, according to APP.
The exchange of fire occurred during the operation for destroying the illegal poppy cultivation in the Gadoon area. At least 120 persons were arrested.”
PRESS NOTE
The District Magistrate of Mardan issued the following press note on that occassion:
”Due to the rising menace of heroin addiction in the country, particularly in un-educated youth, the Government had previously decided to stop all the poppy cultivators gradually in Gadoon area, District

The Jadoons 59

Mardan, according to a phased program. Last year Union council, Gandaf, was cleared of poppy and this year the enforcement of law was to be carried out in the Union Councils of Kabgani and Ganichatra. In spite of the fact that the special development program costing Rs. 30 crore was being implemented and despite the warning of district authorities not to cultivate the illegal poppy crop in the area, it was cultivated in the two Union councils. It was also grown in the previously non-growing parts of Gandaf Union Council. The local administration of Mardan warned the growers in the Jirga to refrain from the cultivation of the opium. The crop was grown and guarantees were given by the local elected representatives that due protection shall be provided for this illegal crop.
On March 4, the Provincial Government after consultation with the Federal Government made it clear that poppy will not be allowed to be extracted and in no case the ban will be relaxed. To relieve the hardships, the growers were further offered wheat and sugar on 50 percent subsidy as relief as a measure of additional grace. However, the elected representatives of Gadoon still insisted on harvesting the illegal poppy crop.
The government pleaded with the locals requesting them to destroy the poppy crop, voluntarily. After all the peaceful overtures of the government had failed, joint police and Frontier Constabulary Force entered the area on the morning of March 8, 1986 to destroy the poppy crop.
The force was fired upon by the locals. They also stoned the police. The road was blocked with stones and the Gandaf poppy cultivators and others

The Jadoons 60

occupied the hilltops. The local elected members instigated the masses to take up arms against the law enforcing agencies.
They held meetings at various places and refused peaceful overtures to enforce the ban on poppy cultivation.
During the confrontation, armed procession of the locals repeatedly fired on the law-enforcing agencies. These were dispersed with teargas. On two occasions, the law-enforcing agencies had to resort to firing. As a result of this action, five persons died and 31 received injuries, including members from law and order forces and FIR has been registered and 120 persons have been arrested. The MRD and some other political parties have tried to capitalize on this issue and took out procession in Topi and Swabi in support of poppy growers. However, no untoward incident occurred during these agitations.
As a result of the operation on March 8, Approx: 925 Kanals of poppy crop was destroyed, which is about half of the local poppy cultivated area.” 

GADOON AREA

The Gadoon area is quite different from the Swabi area. It is mostly comprised of mountains where terrace farming is followed. There are no irrigation facilities and agriculture entirely depends on

“Gaduns urge merger with Pakistan” “Frontier Governor’s assurance”

The Jadoons 50

rain. This area is agriculturally backward where basic agriculture inputs are not conveniently available.
No authentic information exists as to any foreign occupation. In 1953, Gadoon Area, which was formerly a special area under the political control of the Deputy Commissioner, Mardan, was merged with Mardan District.
The story of its merger as recorded by Mr. Abdur Rashid, the then Deputy Commissioner of Mardan District, narrated in his book “Civil Service on the Frontier” p-138-145, has already been reproduced.
Daily “Khyber Mail” of Peshawar on 8th Feb. 1953, in its editorial comments regarding the merger of Gadun Area, said,
”Similarly, the fact that the Gadun tribe of Mardan District, who for the last two years have been seeking to merge their territory with the settled area of Frontier, have at least realized their ambition and the Pakistan Government has decided to recognize and give effect to their merger. This too is positive that the pace of progress, particularly in relation to the backward tribal belt, is very phenomenal, indeed”.
The merger took effect vide Govt. of Pakistan, Ministry of States and Frontier Regions Notification dated 30th April 1953, which is reproduced here.

GOVT. OF PAKISTAN
MINISTRY OF STATES AND FRONTIER REGIONS NOTIFICATION
Karachi, the 30th April, 1953 No.F.6(13)-F/52. The following order, made by the Governor General under section 290 of the Government of India Act. 1935, is published for general information.
ORDER NO.7 OF 1953
The North West Frontier Province (Increase of Area and Alternation of Boundary)
Whereas the inhabitants of the area described in schedule A to this order hereinafter called the added area lying on the border of the Mardan District of the North West Frontier Province, have made a unanimous request in writing through their accredited representatives that the added area be merged with the North West Frontier Province, hereinafter called the said Province.
And, whereas, the Governor General has been pleased to accept their petition of this effect.
And whereas the Governor General has ascertained the view of the Government of the said province, which has agreed to the proposed merger subject to the terms and conditions as set out in this order.
And whereas it is provided by section 290 of the Govt. of India Act. 1935, that the Governor General may add the area and alter the boundaries of any province and also make such provision as he deems necessary for purposes incidental to such increase or alteration.

The Jadoons 52

Now, therefore, in exercise of the powers conferred by aforesaid section and, of all the powers enabling him in that behalf the Governor General is pleased to make the following order:

1. i. This order may be called the North West Frontier Province (Increase of Area and
   Alteration of Boundary) order, 1953. ii. It shall come into force at once.
   
2. On and from the day this order comes into force (hereinafter called the appointed day) the added area shall form part of the North West Frontier Province, and the existing boundary of the said Province, as described in Schedule B to this order, shall be so altered as to form the Boundary described in Schedule C to this order.
   
3. On and from the appointed day, the added area shall for the purpose of administration, form part of the Mardan District.
   
4. All expenditure connected with the administra- tion of the added area shall on and from the appointed day be a charge on the revenues of the said province. Provided that any additional expenditure that may be incurred on account of the posting of Frontier Constabulary detach- ments in the added area shall continue to be borne by the Central Govt. for such time as expenditure on the Frontier Constabulary generally continues to be borne by the Central Government.
   
5. On and from the appointed day the public revenues of the added area shall be part of the public revenues of the North-West Frontier Province.
   

The Jadoons 53

6. i.

The Governor of the North-West Frontier Province shall by order notified in the official Gazette make such provision as appears to him necessary of expedient.

1. for extending to the added area any law for the time being in force in the province or any part thereof, and
   
2. for removing difficulties arising out of or in connection with the inclusion of the added area in the province
   

Any order under this paragraph may be made with retrospective effect to any day not earlier than the appointed day.
Any order made under this paragraph may be controlled or superseded by an act of the Provisional Legislature.
Except as provided in sub-paragraph (1) and (2) of this paragraph, no law in force or in any part of the province immediately before the appointed day shall extend or apply to the added area.
SCHEDULE - A (see paragraph-I)

1. Qadra
   
2. Seri-cum-Qadra
   
3. Mirgai-cum-Qadra
   
4. Badga
   
5. Gajai
   
6. Takel
   
7. Kag Bani
   
8. Besak
   
9. Dewal
   

ii. iii. iv.

Section

S.No

Name of Village

Sq-miles

Mansoor

3.000 1.125 1.000 4.375 3.750 6.000 4.000 1.500 2.000 0.500 1.500 0.750

10. Pola
    
11. Kat Gram
    
12. Gir Ro
    
13. Dewalgarhi (Dewal Garhi)
    
14. Bala & Garhi Payan
    
15. Sandoa 1.000
    
16. Talai 0.625
    

1.5000

The Jadoons

54

Section

S.No

Name of Village

Sq-miles

17. Noru Banda
    
18. Shingrai
    
19. Gani Ghatra
    
20. Kuz Amrai
    
21. Bar Amrai
    
22. Utla
    
23. Sakelai
    
24. Satkatar
    
25. Malka Kadi
    
26. Dagi
    

2.500
0.500 1.500 6.000 -
- - -
-
- 6.000 - 3.750 2.500 1.300 4.000 6.000 2.000

Salar 1.

2. Jaba
   
3. Leran
   
4. Punawal
   
5. Achelai
   
6. Kolagar
   
7. Shenai
   
8. Bada
   
9. Magal Chai
   

Nasghud

10. Dalori (Kuz Dalori & Bar Dalori)
    
11. Sarkoi -
    
12. Gandaf 16.500
    
13. Dehro -
    

14. Seri (Utmanzai but situated 2.000 in Gadun)
Total :- 87.375
SCHEDULE-B
Existing boundaries of Mardan District.
It is separated from Sam Ranizai of Malakand Agency by a line running east from Sakhakot to the Machai Canal encloses the bugle of the Utman Khel area in a semicircle upto a point north of Qasim village. It again rises into a semi-circle with its northern most point touching Bazdara and descending Pirsai Kandau. The line then separates Buner from Mardan District and runs east to Malandrai Kandau, descending to Ambela Kandau. It then runs north east ward to Naranji Kandau. From this point it goes to Bagh and Aman Kot. It then turns east at the point where it touches the upper Swat

The Jadoons 55

Canal it runs east upto a point 2 miles ward of Jhanda in Swabi Tehsil. It runs north for approximately 2 miles, turning east again to Punjman. From this point, the line separates the Gadun area on the north the Swabi Tehsil of Mardan district on the south. The line runs in a rough semi-circle, descending along Babinai to a point 0470 on map No. 43-B/15. It then runs north-east-wards a point 4 miles to the north of Thai Bala. It then descends to the river Indus west of Thai Balla. The line then runs along the river to the Attock separating the Mardan District from Hazara and Cambell Pur District. It then runs northwards to Jahangira, where it runs north to a point where it meets the Maira Branch the upper Swat canal. It then roughly follows the Maira Branch north of Risal Pur. It then goes northwest across the Nowshera Malakand road upto Rashakai. It runs west to Sarband. It goes northwest to Mehtar Kili, turning West again for approx: 2 miles then rising to Dandau, the line then runs north to Piraddo. It then runs north east to Qutabgarh and again north to Sakhekot.
SCHEDULE-C
Altered Boundaries of Mardan District.
It is separated from Sam Ranizai of Malakand agency by a line running east from Sakhakot the Machai Branch Canal encloses the bugle of the Utman Khel area, in a semi-circle upto a point north of Qasim village. It again rises into a semi-circle with its northern most point touching Bazdara and descending to Pirsai Kandau. The line then separates Buner from Mardan District and runs east to Malandrai Kandau, descending to Ambela Kandau. It then turns north east wards to Naranji Kandau. From this point it goes south to Bagh and Aman Kot. It then turns east at the point where it touches the upper Swat Canal, it runs east, upto a point 2 miles west of

The Jadoons 56

Jhanda in Swabi Tehsil. It runs north for approximately 2 miles, turning east again to Panjman. It then goes north again to point 2 miles from village Panjman. From this point it runs to Nakhtar Sar, raising to Spin Kandau, turning northeast to a point 2 miles east of Ghalodars. It turns north east to Shahid Kandau then north-east to Dakar. From this point it runs approximately north to Halaibari Kandau, Mali Kandau. Turning slightly eastward to Jan Muhammad Kandau. From here it follows to northern foothills of the Mahaban Range upto Shahkot Sar. It goes south to Palosai Kandau turning to south east for approximately 4 miles. It rises again northeast to Ganri Kot and follows the banks of Mandi-wala Dara upto a point 1 mile east of Satkatar Gadun Territory. It then goes south to a point one mile south west of Bang, Gadun. It then turns west approx: 2 miles and goes south-west to Sarkin Banda. It makes a sharp turn south-east to and goes south to point 5 miles east of Dehri, in Gadun territory.
It then descends to the river Indus, west of Thai Bal. The line then runs along the river to Attock separating the Mardan District from Hazara and Cambell Pur District.
It then runs northwest ward to Jahangira, where it runs north to a point where it meets the Maira Branch of the Upper Swat Canal. It then roughly follows the Maira Branch north of Risal Pur. It then goes northwest across the Nowshera Malakand Road upto Rashakai. It turns west to Sarband.
It goes northwest to Mehtar Kili, turning west again for approx: 2 miles then rising the Dandau. The

Karachi, dated, the 29th April 953. Attested
Sd/-
Secretary
District Board Mardan

Sd/-
Ghulam Muhammad
Governor General.
Sd/-
ABDUR RAHIM KHAN
Secretary.

The Jadoons 57

line then turns north to Pirsado. It then runs north east to Qutabgarh and again north to Shahkot. 

At present there are four Union councils in the Gadoon Area namely.
Gandaf Kabgani Gani Chattra Gabasni
After the merger with the settled district of Mardan (now Division), land settlement finalized in 1961-62. 

MERGER

Khwaja Shahab-ud-Din was the first governor of the NWFP to have visited the Gadun area. In their address of welcome, the people of the Gadun tribe requested the government to merge their area with the Swabi Tehsil of Mardan District to be brought under settlement areas of the province. They wanted to be merged with settled district in order to receive all the facilities that other people of the district were having, they said. The Gadun area has a population of 35,000 people. The Governor assured them that their request had been forwarded to the Pakistan Government for approval and decision was expected shortly.” 

Gaduns urge merger with Pakistan” “Frontier Governor’s assurance”

“The NWFP Governor Khawaja Shahb-ud-Din assured a Jirga of tribesmen in Dewal (Village in Gadun area) yesterday that the government was very keen to raise the standard of tribesmen at least to the level of those living in the settled area.”
He was addressing a Jirga of Gadun tribe (East of Mardan) Romanized in Pushto. He said the government has already taken various development schemes in this connection and has provided a number of medical and health facilities to the tribesmen since the establishment of Pakistan. 

CAUSES OF THE MERGER OF GADOON AREA WITH THE MARDAN DISTRICT.

The causes as enumerated in the book entitled “CIVIL SERVICE ON THE FRONTIER” from page 138 to 145, by the then Deputy Commissioner of Mardan, Abdur Rashid, are reproduced here. These were government views.
Elimination of Tribal Area and its merger in Mardan District.

The Jadoons 41

“I received my order of transfer to Mardan with mixed feeling at the outset; the only redeeming feature in the new district appeared to me to be its nearness to my home. But when I actually started working there, I began to like it and the more I worked there the more grew my liking for it. I found the people very good and honorable. They themselves were respectable people and had regard for the respect of others. In fact they are a good and dignified specimen of Yusufzai tribe. I knew the people of Swabi Tehsil already and I found the people of Mardan Tehsil also to be possessing all the good qualities of the Yusufzai tribe of olden days.
The Deputy Commissioner used to see visitors on two fixed days in a week. Since I knew that it was not practicable, as exception had to be made in some cases which would savour of discrimination, I abolished this old practice and permitted visitors to see me every day when I was not on tour.
The first appalling news that I received after taking over was from the Supdt: of Police, who told me that not less then 250 outlaws were harboring in the Gadun tribal area attached to the Mardan District, who carried on their depredation in and outside the district. I was also told that not many days back the tonga, carrying mail from Swabi to Topi was attacked by armed robbers from the Gadun area and robbed of money and mail and that the robbers had been chased up to the border of the tribal area, beyond which the area was out of bound for the pursuers. This was a sorry state of affairs, indeed. I sent for the Gadun Jirga and warned them to surrender the outlaws or turn them out of their area by a certain date, failing which suitable action would be taken

The Jadoons 42

against them. By the date fixed, a number of outlaws were surrendered, but the majority were still hiding in the Gadun territory. The Jirga was called again and told to explain. They said that they had turned the rest of the outlaws out of country and that their area was now clear. From my own enquiries, however, I gathered that those of the outlaws that had not surrendered were still being harboured by the tribe, and I told them this and gave them another date by which to carry out the orders in full or face punishment. In the meantime, I informed the Govt. of what I had done and suggested that since the Gaduns had failed to carry out the order in full, I proposed to impose a fine (I named the amount) on them. Govt. wrote back that on principle my proposal was sound, but before they gave their approval they would like to be sure that the fine could be recovered from them. I assured the Govt. on this point and received their approval. I called the Gadoon Jirga again and announced the fine and fixed a date by which they should pay it. By that date, only a part of the fine was paid and there seemed little prospectus of their paying the balance in the ordinary manner. One fine morning, therefore, I and the S.P Mardan went out to Topi, a market town on the border and arrested a number of Gaduns and their animals and brought them to Swabi. The Gaduns were informed that they would be released as soon as balance of the fine was paid. F.C.R was inforced in those days, both in the settled districts and the tribal areas and such methods of recovery of fines were not unusual under that regulation. The fine was duly paid.
Later it came to my mind, keeping the geographical position of the Gadoon country in view, that it was only an awkward pocket of tribal territory

The Jadoons 43

which hardly deserved to be called so, and should not be an area that should be so much troublesome, and that efforts should be made to persuade the Gaduns to agree to their area being merged in the settled district of Mardan. I started contacting the more reasonable and tractable leaders of Gadun villages near the district border and, after discussing things with them, I made them to agree in writing to the merger of their villages in the settled district. I, however, kept the matter a secret, for I feared that if it became, at that stage, known to the rest of the Gaduns, it was likely that they would take reprisal against them. Instead, I deemed it advisable to continue efforts to secure similar agreements from the rest of the Gaduns, failing which to persuade Govt. to establish constabulary posts for the protection of the friendly villages, before the merger of these villages was publicly announced.
While these efforts were underway, an incident took place, which not only made the merger of the Gadun country necessary, but accelerated the process. This incident and its background are as follows:
In the tribal area of the Hazara District and, close to the border of the Gadun country, there are a few villages inhabited by people called “Astanadars”. The Gaduns claimed these villages and the lands attached to them as their property and the “Astanadars” as their tenants. Every year the Gaduns harassed these “Astanadars” in a number of ways at the time of recovery of rent from them. Sometimes, they even looted their houses and insulted their womenfolk. This treatment drove the “Astanadars” to apply to the Hazara District authorities for merger and

The Jadoons 44

protection. The Govt. set up two constabulary posts for their protection. With the establishment of the Constabulary posts, the Gaduns feared that they had lost their rights of ownership of these villages and the land, therefore, a party of Gaduns under the leadership of one Quraish of Dewal, went there to assert their rights and recover rent. This party was well received by the “Astanadars” who assured them that their merger would not affect the ownership rights of the Gaduns. The Party, after staying for sometime in these villages, departed for their homes, well satisfied. Just as they were starting on their return journey, some hot headed among the “Astanadars” feeling secure in the protection of the constabulary, fired shots at them, as a result of which Quraish received a bullet in the arm. The news spread to the Gadun villages and a Gadun lashkar set out to teach the “Astanadars” a lesson.
When the lashkar reached the area of “Astanadars”, the latter sought refuge with the constabulary. Since constabulary posts had been set up to give protection to these villages, which were now part of Hazara District, the Gaduns came into open conflict with the constabulary. Fighting started, but the constabulary was out-numbered and more platoons of the constabulary had to be rushed up as reinforcement. This made matters worse, for more Gaduns joined the lashkar and a regular battle started. I gathered from the Deputy Commissioner Hazara, Mr. Hidayatullah Khan that the situation was not satisfactory and that further reinforcements were on the way. I immediately left for Swabi and thence to Topi and collected a few elders who had dealings with the Gaduns and had influence over them such as Khan Muhammad Umar Khan of T opi, Khwaja

The Jadoons 45

Muhammad Khan of Maini and Malik Sohbat Khan of Swabi, and sent them to the Gadun country to persuade the Gadun elders to give up fighting and recall their lashkars. They went into the Gadun country, but returned unsuccessful after sometime, as they said that they could not contact any Gadun leader, all having gone with the lashkar to the Hazara border. The Governor Mr. I.I Chundrigar was at this time on a visit to Karachi. When I returned to Swabi, I was told that the Governor had returned to Peshawar and wanted to speak to me over the telephone. When I contacted him on the Swabi Police Station telephone, he wanted to know full details. I gave him a full account of the happenings together with the genesis of the trouble. He then asked me what action I recommended and I told him that if I got a few platoons of the frontier corps, we would march into Gadun country from our side of the border and that I was very hopeful that the moment the Gadun lashkar received the news of our march from this side and realized that their own homes were in danger, they would stop fighting on the Hazara border and scatter back into their villages. The Governor liked the suggestion and the next day, not only quite a sizeable force of the Frontier Corps arrived, but a battalion of the Army also arrived. The battalion commander was Col. Sahibdad, who seemed much cut up as he said that he had to fight his own people. I told him that I had never asked for the army to be sent and that, in any case, the army would not be involved. The Frontier corps were commanded by Col. Sadiqullah, but Brigadier Ahmad Jan Khan, the Inspector General himself was also with the force throughout and was incharge of general supervision and direction. The Frontier Corps held a camp a little outside Maini village (between Maini and Topi) and the Army were

The Jadoons 46

told to hold a camp a little away from the border and to come to the help of the frontier Corps only if and when they were requested to do so. As it happened, it never became necessary to move the army.
It was the month of December or January and it was better cold and we used to hold conferences every night with the Frontier Corps in one of the Corps trucks to decide on the action for the next day. I always accompanied the Frontier Corps during their marches. The first day we surrounded the largest Gadun village of Gandaf. We had expected resistance, but not a shot was fired, as there was hardly a fighting man available. It was correct that all had joined the Lashkar. We rounded up the few men of some importance that we found in the village and sent them and some of their animals to Swabi as hostages. This finished the 1st day’s operation.
The next day we again left the camp very early and marched to deal with villages further up. The same action was taken against these villages and again there was no resistance, we had with us an air liaison officer and an occasional aircraft flew over us, only to drop chocolates and cigarettes for the Frontier Corp Officers. Our advance further up necessitated our holding camps in the interior and with every march ahead we advanced our camp. In the meantime the Gadun Lashkar, having learnt of the advance of the Frontier Corps from this side had given up fighting on the Hazara border and retreated. They were chased by the constabulary under the command of Sardar Abdur Rashid Khan the Commandant. The Lashkar suffered a number of casualties. We continued our march on from this side as the Frontier Constabulary did from the other side,

The Jadoons 47

until we met a little beyond Dewel village and Shook hands. The Lashkar disappeared and the back of the resistance was completely broken. At strategic points camps were established and the operation was over. The army returned to Headquarters without getting directly involved.
We used to be called to periodical meetings with the Governor and had a final meeting with him at the close of the operation. The Governor was very happy, but he had no word of thanks, either verbally or in writing, for me or any officer of the Frontier Crops and Frontier Constabulary. Even now, after the lapse of so many years whenever I meet those Frontier Corps Officers (who have all retired) we cannot help mentioning how Mr. Chundrigar had failed to realize that a word of thanks on such occasions was a normal courtesy which his British predecessors had never failed to extend. I personally never felt that I should have been thanked: the Governor was satisfied and that was enough. After the operations were over, the Frontier Constabulary was permanently stationed in the middle of the Gadun country and their camp was connected with Mardan district by a road, which was constructed by the Constabulary themselves. I and the Deputy Commissioner, Hazara held a joint Jirga of the Gaduns and “Astanadars” and determined their future relationship and the extent of the ownership rights of the Gaduns. I have already said that some Gadun villages had agreed to the merger of their villages before the operations had started: after the operations were over the rest of the Gadun villages also applied for merger one by one now the whole Gadun area is part of Mardan District.

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Mr. I.I Chundrigar, Governor, came on a detailed tour of Mardan District where he spent two nights. This gave me an opportunity to see him from close quarters. I found him a very nice man to deal with and a man who had a keen sense of justice. Probably this tour was undertaken to have first hand knowledge of the Mardan District and to pass on his knowledge to his successor as he was soon to leave the province. Mardan was politically a very important District, it having at one time remained the hot bed of the Red Shirt movement. It appeared that the District generally had very little of Red Shirt activity left in it as it had now become a predominantly Muslim League District. Mr. Chundrigar had fallen out with Khan Abdul Qayum Khan, Chief Minister on some political matters and the Chief Minister publicly reviled him. It appears that Mr. Chundrigar had himself asked for transfer and was soon transferred and posted as Governor of the Punjab. He was succeeded by Khwaja Shahab-ud-Din as Governor NWFP. Khwaja Shahb-ud-Din appointed me as Political Secretary to the Governor and in April, 1952 I took charge of my new post, having served in Mardan for about 21⁄2 years. Political Secretary meant Secretary dealing with tribal matters.”
As per official record maintained in File No. 60/ 23-Political-Sub-Head Gadoon Lashkar, in Abbottabad District Record Office, Gadoon Lashkar attacked on villages Gabassani and Chanai at mid night of 13th and 14th December 1950.
Commenting on the merger of gadun area with the district mardan,

JADOONS ARE DIVIDED INTO TWO MAIN BRANCHES: Salars and Mansoors.

The whole of these divisions, especially, the Salars, are settled along the banks of the Dorh, in the Hazara District.
Another portion of the Salars is settledss Trans-Indus to the south of Mahaban Mountain. Similarly, the Mansoors are dwelling in Orash Plain (Abbottabad) and Gadoon area. They have about 20 insignificant hamlets and three villages.
The Jadoon villages Trans-Indus are:
SALAR

Muthkwazai	Houses	Utazai	Houses	Sulimanzai	Houses
Babini	400	Gandsp	1200	Bada	200
Leran	80	Mangal Chai	140	Shnai	80
Jaba	20	Dalori	120	Kolagar	60
Panowal	100	Achelai	80	Pola

MANSOOR

Daolatzai	Houses	Musazai	Houses	Khadarzai	Houses
Badga	30	Bisak	200	MalkaKadao	200
Dewal	160	Sandwa	100	Takel	100
Kakbanai	120	Sukhelai	100	Kadra	300
Bisak	200	Talai	80	Baralai	30
Gajai	100	Afai	100
		Urobanda	80
		Shigrai	60
		Kuz Dewal
		Garhi	60
		Girari	30

There are also the following villages; Ganchatra 90 and Ulta 60, taken from the Utmanzais; Amrai 90 (Gujars), Sarai 60, (Utamanzais), Gabasnai 100 (Saiads), Gabai 100 (Saiads) Chanai 400 (Akhun Khel), Gani Kot 40 (Mala Khel) Sat Ketar Hassazais 30.
The villages near the foothills such as Gandaf, Bisak, and Malka Khadi now Malikabad are chiefly dependent on rain for their cultivation, and their land is different in quality. None of the Jadun villages are walled, but a few have towers; they are built of stone, and wood roofs. The land belonging to the villages in the hills is more fertile. The principal occupation of the whole tribe is cattle rearing and agriculture and their buffaloes are celebrated. Considerable quantities of honey, ghee and timber are exported by them to Yusufzais, and cotton cloth, indigo, and salt is taken in return. The Jaduns say that they have 12,000 fighting men, but careful enquiries prove that this is ridiculously over-estimated; and James says, they have only 2,000 men. Colonel Taylor says, the Salar have 1,300 and the Mansoor 1,500; and half of them

The Jadoons 22

are armed with matchlocks and swords and pikes, and the other half with swords only. They are not considered a fighting tribe, as they contain amongst them a large number of Indian settlers.
According to the latest returns, there were only 33 Jaduns serving in the British army. They only level ground in the Jadoon’s country, which is in front of Gandaf, Bisak, and Malka Khadi. This country is drained by the Pola ravine, which falls into the Indus.
The Jadoons do not appear to have given any trouble till 1861. Sir Herbert Edwards in 1858 AD took engagements from them to prevent the return of the Hindustani fanatics to Sitana. In 1861 these men went to Malka, and began plundering the British territory from Sitana.
The Jadoons were on this called to account for permitting them (Hindustanis) to resettle and to pass through their country when proceeding to, and returning from, British territory. A blockade was instituted, and soon after they expressed themselves willing to submit to any terms demanded of them.”
Accordingly, the following agreements were entered into with their two main sections:
“Whereas the Kabal and Kya branch of the Utmanzai tribe and the Salar division of the Trans- Indus Jadoons on the 12th September 1861 and the 17th September 1861 respectively entered into an agreement with the British Government, the terms of which have at this time been read and fully explained to us by major Adams, deputy commissioner of Hazara and do hereby on behalf of the whole Mansoor division, agree to hold ourselves and tribe

The Jadoons 23

bound by the terms of the said agreement as set forth in articles I, III, IV, V, VI & VII in the same manner and to the same extent as the Salar division of Jadoons and with reference to article II, not included in the above enumeration, we, on considering the friends of the government our friends, and their enemies our enemies, do hereby pledge ourselves that in the event of any division or faction of any of the contracting tribes infringing the provisions of the agreement and becoming refractory, we will, so far as the fulfilment of our engagement requires, hold ourselves aloof from it, and in such measures as the British authorities may see fit to take, we will render our assistance for the furtherance thereof against the said division or faction and will give to any force employed for its coercion a free road through our country. Further, for the fulfilment of the conditions of this agreement, we agree to be responsible for the villages of Chani held by the Akhund Khel, and Gobai and Gobasnai held by Saiads, seeing that they are subject to our influence and unable to act in the matters to which this agreement has reference, except with our aid and concurrence.
The agreement entered into by the Kabal and Kya branch of the Utmanzai Pathans and the Salar division of the Trans-Indus Jadoons with the British Government, alluded to above, is as follows:
1. We do hereby conjointly and severally pledge ourselves not to permit the Saiads, of Sitana, or the Hindustani fanatics and others associated with them now at Malka, in the Amazai country and elsewhere, or any of them or any other persons inimical to the

The Jadoons 24

British govt., or who have committed or intended to commit criminal acts against it, or any other persons, except the members of Utmanzais, Pathans of Kabal and Kaya and their cultivators, to establish themselves at Sitana or within the land pertaining thereto or anywhere within limits of our settlements, and should they endeavor to do so, we will ourselves unite to prevent or expel them; and in the event of any of the parties to this engagement acting in contravention of its terms, that party will alone bear the blame, provided that the remaining parties shall be bound in the case to treat it as an enemy, and to continue to the best of their ability to give effect to the provisions of this agreement.
2. We will consider the friends of the British government our friends, and its enemies our enemies, and in the event of the Mansoor Division of the Trans- Indus Jadoons, which is not a party this agreement containing or becoming refractory, we will, so far as the fulfilment of our present engagement requires hold ourselves aloof from it, and in such measures as the British government may see fit to take we will render our assistance for the furtherance thereof against it, and will give any force employed to punish it a free road through our country.

The Jadoons 25

3. Should any person residing within our settlements (including Kandi, Sitana and the lands pertaining thereto) enter the territory of the British government and commit injury therein, we pledge ourselves to be responsible, and either to expel him from our country or to afford such redress as the said government demand. Further, we will permit no person or persons from beyond our borders to pass through our settlement for the purpose of committing injury in British territory, or having committed injury therein, to return through our settlements to his or their place of refuge or abode, and failing in this, we will afford such redress as the British government may demand; provided that for every infringement of this article of the agreement each contracting tribe shall be held separately responsible.
   
4. We will not permit any person or persons conveying money or arms or ammunition, or aid of any kind whatever, to the Hindustani fanatics to pass through our settlements.
   
5. We will not harbour or render assistance to any fugitive, murderer, robber, or thief who has committed crime in British territory, nor will we permit him to come and abide within our settlements. Should he endeavour to do so, we will at once expel him; provided that for every
   

The Jadoons 26

infingement of this article each tribe shall be held responsible, and shall afford such redress as may be demanded.

6. In the event of any British subject committing injury within our settlements, we will not make reprisals, but will claim redress in British Courts.
   
7. Provided that we shall not be hereafter entitled to claim exemption from the fulfilment of all or any of the terms of this agreement on the ground of inability by reason of discord among ourselves, and that for all the purposes thereof we shall be held responsible for the acts of all residents within our settlements, whether members of the contracting tribes or not.
   
8. Additional articles with the Utmanzai of Kabal and Kya. We will not permit any person to convey salt from our settlements across the Indus into British territory, whether he is a resident in our settlement or not.
   
9. Inasmuch as the Kabal ferry of the Indus has been established, and a boat placed thereon for our convenience and advantage by the British government, we hereby declare that we hold it and enjoy the privilege of using it, subject to
   

such conditions as the British government may see fit to impose; and

The Jadoons 27

further we will permit no residents within our settlements or others to cross the Indus to British territory on inflated skins by night; and those only shall be permitted to cross on them by day to whom permission to do so may be granted by the British permission authorities on the security of respectable Maliks.

10. Inasmuch as we are permitted to hold free intercourse with British territory for trading and other purpose without payment of tax or duty, we hereby agree to relinquish all claim to tax and duty on merchandise of every description belonging to resident traders of British territory in its passage through our settlements, as also to all duties heretofore levied on timber floated down the river Indus by British merchants; and in return for the protection we receive in British territory, we agree to afford protection to the best of our ability, to all merchants and others from British territory trading with or through our country, and we will, to the best of our ability, prevent robbers or others from exacting blackmail or other imposts from them within our settlement.
    
11. We will ourselves as the proprietors hold the lands of Sitana, and ourselves
    

arrange for the cultivation and management thereof; and we will not give possession thereof; or of any part

The Jadoons 28

thereof; for purposes of cultivation or otherwise to the Saiads of Sitana, or to the Hindustani fanatics or to the followers of either by the Salar division of Jadoons.”
In 1862 it was recommended that an expedition should be undertaken against the fanatics; but this was postponed, and early in July they reoccupied Sitana, the Jadoons not only making no attempt to prevent them, but also, it is said, that the Mansoor section invited their return. Failing, on due warning, to expel them, the Jadoons, were on the 15th July 1863 subjected to a blockade. On the 7th September the fanatics joined by one of the principal Jadoon chiefs, crossed the border with the intention of attacking a detachment of the Guide Corps at Topi; but, coming across a few horsemen, they retired precipitately. The Ambela campaign then took place. The attitude of the Jadoons, during the campaign was on the whole satisfactory. Most of their chiefs were present in camp with the political officers; and there was no general collection of any part of the tribe against us. Individuals undoubtedly joined the enemy, but not nearly to such a great extent as did our own subjects in Yusufzai. Only two men of the tribe were killed and wounded. One of the headmen, Malik Isa, of the Mansoor Section, however, did not present himself the whole time; and it being considered necessary to require security from the Jadoons generally after the Ambela campaign was over, a brigade, consisting of 10 1st Fusiliers, Hazara and Peshawar Mountain Batteries, 3rd Sikhs Guides, 5th Gurkhas, 3rd Punjab Infantry, and a company of Sappers, under command of Colonel Wilde, C.B, marched from Ambela to Maini, being accompanied

The Jadoons 29

by Major James as Political Officer. The brigade arrived at Maini of the 30th December, and on the following day all the chiefs of the tribe assembled in the villages of Bisak and Gandaf, the head quarters of the Mansoor and Salar Section.
On the 1st January, Major James had a discussion with them regarding all the offences, and demanded that they should burn Mandi. They agreed to this, but during the night, instigated by Jahangir Khan, the men of Gandaf left the camp, and declined to be parties to the agreement. Colonel Wilde, therefore proceeded on the morning of the 2nd to Gandaf, and occupying the ridge, at the foot of which it is situated, held it completely at his mercy. On this the headsmen came in and returned to Maini without a shot having been fired. On the 3rd, the force proceeded from Gandaf to Kabal, and on the 4th a portion of the troops went to Mandi and witnessed the burning and destruction of that place by the Jadoons and Utmanzais. On the 5th, the forces returned to Pihur, where the Jadoons and Utmanzais executed fresh agreements, individually and collectively, not to permit the return of the Hindustanis to any part of their country.
But in December, 1864 they again permitted some of these men to reside in Mandi and Sitana, and aided them in plundering expeditions in British territory. In 1865 they continued in this course, and also permitted some of the Saiad fanatics to come to Mandi. In 1866 they also committed some infringements of their treaty, the worst being a meeting held with their sanction, and in their country, to consider whether the fanatics should be permitted to reoccupy Sitana. In January 1867 they permitted

The Jadoons 30

one of the leading Saiad fanatics to occupy Seri, and in April their council (Jirga) made a request that he might be permitted to remain. Being refused, they reiterated their request, but with no better success. They then, on the 27th April, came down and attempted to build a tower near our border at Kabal, but being attacked by the Utmanzais, were worsted and obliged to desist, having 13 killed and 14 wounded. They then desisted on the further threat of a blockade.
Their conduct continued to be so unsatisfactory that on the 15th June 1870, a blockade was declared against them. They then commenced raiding in our territory, attacking the villages of Barab, Gazai, and Pihur. They were, however, always driven off by the men of Topi and Maini. On the 14th July it was reported that they had sent for aid from the Hindustanis at Polasai.
On the 16th July 1870, they assembled a considerable force in a ravine called the Kondel, and erected a high and strong barricade apparently for the purpose of shelter in the event of their being driven back in any attack on Punjaman, Jhanda, and Boka. At this barricade, 300 men were stationed. In the course of two or three days, however, it was swept away by heavy rain, and was not rebuilt.
On the 17th July 1870, a party of Jadoons made a feint of a night attack on Punjaman. Shots were exchanged, but without loss on either side. The Jadoons retired at noon of the same day, four or five Jadoons headed by Mirbaz, an outlawed British subject, made an attempt to drive off by stealth a herd of cattle belonging to the village of Janda. The

The Jadoons 31

manoeure was discovered in time, and the plunderers got away to the hills, but without their booty.
On The 18th July, some 50 Jadoons made a night attack on Maini; but the Maini men, being on the alert, drove off the assailants without loss.
On the 19th July, one, Aktarai, a chain-career employed in the settlement, was met as he was going in the evening from Topi to Barab by a roving band of Ali Sher Khels and Shabi Khels (Jadoons) and murdered, and his body being afterwards blown up with powder.
On the 20th July some Zemindars of Maini out ploughing were threatened by 50 Jadoons, who made a descent on them. The armed escort of the “Zemindars”, accompanying them, fired on the Jadoons, who returned the shots, but fled as the men of Maini came moving out to the rescue. Later in the day, the watchmen of Datugarh were fired at by a small band of Jadoons, who retired before they could be attacked. The Jadoons’ headquarters moved from Gujar to Malka Kadeh, and preparations were made, for a grand assault on Maini, Topi and Punjaman.
On the 22nd July, an attempt was made during the night to surprise all and do some damage to Pihur, but failed. The police were on the look-out. The outlying pickets of Jhanda and Boka were fired at by straggling parties, but without effect.
On the 24th July, the Jadoons lifted a herd of 15 cattle from the boundence of the village of Salim Khan.

The Jadoons 32

On the 25th July, Mr. Priestly reported that, not withstanding these numerous petty attacks, no large force had entered British territory, and they were collected in large numbers at the village Gujar in a threatening attitude. Their application for assistance to the Bunerwals, Swattis, Amazais, and Hindustanis was said to have met with a promise of compliance in case they should be attacked.
On the 26th July the Deputy Commissioner visited the border to see the arrangements made for the defense of the villages. Two towers were built at Punjaman, and were constantly manned with a force of 125 men.
On the 27th July a party of Jadoons came down into the Maini lands and drove off two head of cattle, one of which they afterwards maimed and left.
On the afternoon of the 28th at about 4 P.M. some 300 Jadoons came down and established themselves on a strong position on a mound near Maini, and then commenced firing at long ranges. The Maini men got together and went out to attack them but they were largely reinforced and it was not until near 10 P.M. that the Maini men, reinforced by relief from Topi, were able to attack. Four men and a horse of the attacking party were wounded; the Jadoons fled at once. Their loss is not known, and one of the wounded, Saidullah Khan, a Malik of Maini afterwards died. His death caused a great sensation amongst the Utmanzais, to the family of whose Khan belonged. On the 3rd August three cows and three oxen belonging to one Zebar Shah, grazing within the boundaries of Babinai, were carried off by two Jadoons and an out lawed British subject to the Jadoon village Gujar.

The Jadoons 33

There was reason to suspect the Maliks of Babinai, themselves Jadoons, of complicity.
On the 4th August 100, Jadoons came to Barab, in British territory, on pretence of taking part in the funeral obsequies of Aslam Ali Khan, a man of some influence, who had died there. After the Fatia, they made a feint of attacking Pihur, but after a number of shots, without harm, retired. On the same date Shahdad Khan of Hund and Ibrahim Khan of Zeda, both of whom with their levies were guarding Punjman at the desire of Jadoons, met their Jirga on the boundary, they having been authorized by the Deputy Commissioner to open communications with them. The Jadoons expressed their desire for peace and readiness to come in and hear on what terms they could again be admitted to our friendship. At the same time they expressed their readiness to return cattle and other property taken from any British subjects, except Utamanzais, and did in fact in several cases return such property. As to the exception, it is to be remarked that owing to the position of the Utmanzais immediately on the Jadun frontier, the collisions that have taken place have been, so far as British subjects are concerned, almost entirely with Utmanzais, and the deaths that have taken place on either side have caused a bitter feeling between the two to which may be added that Kabal, with which the Jadoons have long had a feud, is Utmanzai. It being deemed desirable to get in the Jirga, the two Khans were directed to encourage their attendance, if they were in reality disposed to come to terms. A guarantee of safe conduct was with the same view forwarded, and the Utmanzais strictly prohibited from hostile demonstr-ations of any kind. At the same time, careful watch was enjoined, lest all

The Jadoons 34

this should be a mere feint to throw us off our guard, enabling them, make a damaging attack on some of our frontier villages, a not uncommon trick of these people. The Deputy Commissioner was at once informed of the aspect of affairs, and instructions requested as to the terms that should be offered in case the Jirga came in. It was suggested that:-

1. A fine of at least Rs. 1,000 should be imposed in addition to Rs. 1,000 forfeited on account of violated engagements, the refusal to pay which had caused the present complication.
   
2. All property destroyed should be compensated for, and all carried away returned.
   
3. Fresh engagements taken from the principal men, binding them under a fine to respect British territory, and not enter it at any time with an armed force.
   
4. Khadi Khan’s banishment to be insisted upon only, if the temper and disposition of the Jirga should be found to be such as that the demands would be likely to be acquiesced in; otherwise not.
   As to the last point, it would doubtless be a
   

great advantage to have this man, who has been the cause belli on this and several other occasions, cast off, and his expulsion would almost certainly heal the feud between the Jadoons and Kabal. At the same time our quarrel with the Jadoons was quite distinct; we were in no way committed to action with reference to Khadi Khan. If, then, the Jadoons, as was not improbable, should make it a point of honour to stick

The Jadoons 35

by Khadi Khan, while they were ready to accede to the other terms offered, if became an open question whether we should insist upon this, which would doubtless be the most thorough and efficient settlement of the question, and by so doing indefinitely prolong hostilities or necessitate prompt military action, or be content to settle the present difficulty.
On the 9th August, a great number (reported as 6,000 or 7,000 but no doubt greatly exaggerated) of Jadoons came into the Maini lands with flags, and remained some hours expecting the Maini men to come out and attack them. A body of some 500 advanced to within some few hundred paces of the village, and fired upon it. The Maini men, interpreting too strictly the orders prohibiting them from aggressive hostilities, remained in their villages, and after a time the assailants withdrew. No injury was inflicted.
On the 15th August, Captain Water-field, Deputy Commissioner, reported that the Jadun council had come in to make terms.
They were ordered to pay Rs. 3,285 and give security for Rs. 500 more and also bind themselves for Rs. 1,000 not to violate British territory.
On the 22nd August, Mr. Priestley, Assistant Commissioner, reported that Shahdad Khan of Hund and Ibrahim Khan of Zeda brought in the Jirga of 115 in number, fully representing every section and interest in the tribe, and on the 10th September it was finally reported that the above terms had been accepted.

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Before this, In 1863 Colonel Reynell Taylor recommended an expedition against the Jadoons, and stated his opinion on the matter in the following words:-
“I think the force should consist of 1,000 infantry, 1,00 cavalry, and a sufficient complement of mountain guns. A large amount of mule carriage should be provided, and the European troops employed should be provided with ‘pals’ only, as it is probable that in the march from the Yusufzai plain to the head of the Jadoon country, and from thence down upon Sitana, only the lightest description of tents could be carried. It might be the course, be done by bivouacking, as the Jadun affair would not take more than four or five days, but it would be better if we could encamp at some commanding spot and work deliberately.
The force should assemble, if possible, early in Oct, and enter the hills by the 10th or 15th of that month. The moon should be taken advantage of.
The hill crops ripen about the 15th of October, those of the lower parts about the villages of Bisak and Gandaf would be cut, and the ‘Karbi’ stacked about the same time, being ripe about the end of this month. There would be no lack of forage for the animals even later, as the villagers cannot remove their ‘Karbi’ stacks on short notice. October, unfortunately, is an unhealthy month in the Peshawar valley, but the excitement of service will prevent any ill-effects, and the Europeans should not be moved out to Swabi Maneri till a short time before the final movement.

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Large depots of suppliers must be formed at Mardan Kirplain.
“The Jadoons must be called upon to turn out the Hindustanis, come in, and pay a heavy fine for all the trouble they have given. Failing their doing this, their villages must be destroyed. If we decide on dealing more leniently with the Salar division and I am in favour of making distinctions according to conduct, their possessions may be favoured and spared. The villages of the Jadoons are very numerous. It would probably be a sufficient lesson to select the Mansoor villages for punishment. Descending from the Jadun country into the Sitana lands, the village of the Mandi and all the buildings of the fanatics must be destroyed, the Utmanzai tribe, whose possessions lie in the strip of country from Kabal to Mandi, must also be dealt with as may appear necessary, their offence is not so great as that of the Jadoons, because their power to resist was less and they may probably be spared on the payment of a fine.
It probably will be found advisable that the column marching through the hills be met, on descending from Sitana, either by a column marching via Topi, Kabal and Kya or by a column crossing from the left bank at or near Rorgurh.
For the routes to be taken, we at present depend on the expedition of 1858 for the ascent of the southern spurs of the Mahaban mountain. That a force accompanied by a 24-pr howitzer and cavalry was able to ascend to Mangal Thana, on one of the main shoulders of the Mahaban, from whence Colonel Edwards wrote that he ascertained that two marches would take him by a practicable but bad road to

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Sitana across the hills sufficiently demonstrates the feasibility of marching to the head of the Jadun country, either direct from Topi via Bisak, or by following the route of the expedition of 1858 to Mangal Thana, and from thence working across.
There are two ways of coercing the Trans- Indus portion of this tribe (1) by blockade. As their cultivation is carried on in a great measure by our permission, and they depend much on their trade with the plains, this would soon render them quite helpless (2) by invasion. If this was chosen, an expedition should start on the 1st September or 1st October when their cattle are collected and their autumn crops got in, or early in April, when their spring crops are ready. At these seasons they could be punished by the loss of property to the value of Rs. 80,000 viz. Crops Rs. 30,000, cattle Rs. 25,000 houses and property Rs, 25,000. Unless they were surprised, they could send their cattle to the Amanzais. Their country could be over-run without other tribes being molested or approached too nearly. The hill portion would of course be the more difficult, as they have a retreat open to them. Two days would suffice for a surprise, expedition, and return.”
Mr. Beckett says of the Jadoons in his memorandum on the Yusufzais frontier “A good many of men come down to British territory and cultivate land, they purchase grain from us in times of scarcity, and import cotton goods and salt, they also carry on gold-washing in the Indus, they sell goats, fowls, ghee, wood, honey and forest produce. A blockade has on several occasions proved effective, and a seizure could always be made. They cannot cultivate

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their lands in the open plain when blockaded, and they fear attack.
As a general rule, it may be stated that all the tribes round could sustain a blockade as far as the necessaries of life go, but the injury to their trade would be so great that they could not stand it. Supposing one tribe to be under blockade, it would be possible to prevent their getting supplies form their neighbors in the bills.”
In 1876, Mokharrab Khan of Panjtar incited the Gaduns to join him as allies with the Amazais against his own tribe, the Khudu Khel. An action took place at Dakara; and subsequently the Amazais and Gaduns returned to their own country, shortly after which the Gaduns were brought off, and retired from the coalition against the Khudu Khel.
In 1880, the Gaduns were fined Rs. 200 for detaining a government messenger, and in 1883, Rs. 800 for murder in British territory. Lately, the Hindustani fanatics have made overtures to them to be allowed to again return within their territory, but the Gaduns have declined to allow it.
The Gaduns are, as a rule, a peaceable tribe, probably owing chiefly to their country being an open and easy one. They have no chief of any note, their chiefs changing in accordance with the predominance of local political factions. They are great stealers of cattle.
The Trans-Indus Gadoon boundaries may be defined as follows:-

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EAST :
The Indus from opposite Rorgurh to the British frontier south of Kabal.
SOUTH
The British frontier form the Indus to Punjman.
WEST
A line following roughly the right side of the Punjman valley nearly upto its source, and thence to top of Mahaban ridge.
NORTH
The Mahaban mountain from the Indus opposite Rorgurh to a point north-east of Gazikot “(Bellew Lockwood, Taylor, Wilde, Priestly, Beckett, Warlerfield, Warburton, Young)”