The whole of these divisions, especially, the Salars, are settled along the banks of the Dorh, in the Hazara District.
Another portion of the Salars is settledss Trans-Indus to the south of Mahaban Mountain. Similarly, the Mansoors are dwelling in Orash Plain (Abbottabad) and Gadoon area. They have about 20 insignificant hamlets and three villages.
The Jadoon villages Trans-Indus are:
SALAR
Another portion of the Salars is settledss Trans-Indus to the south of Mahaban Mountain. Similarly, the Mansoors are dwelling in Orash Plain (Abbottabad) and Gadoon area. They have about 20 insignificant hamlets and three villages.
The Jadoon villages Trans-Indus are:
SALAR
| Muthkwazai | Houses | Utazai | Houses | Sulimanzai | Houses |
| Babini | 400 | Gandsp | 1200 | Bada | 200 |
| Leran | 80 | Mangal Chai | 140 | Shnai | 80 |
| Jaba | 20 | Dalori | 120 | Kolagar | 60 |
| Panowal | 100 | Achelai | 80 | Pola |
MANSOOR
| Daolatzai | Houses | Musazai | Houses | Khadarzai | Houses |
| Badga | 30 | Bisak | 200 | MalkaKadao | 200 |
| Dewal | 160 | Sandwa | 100 | Takel | 100 |
| Kakbanai | 120 | Sukhelai | 100 | Kadra | 300 |
| Bisak | 200 | Talai | 80 | Baralai | 30 |
| Gajai | 100 | Afai | 100 | | |
| Urobanda | 80 | ||||
| Shigrai | 60 | | |||
| Kuz Dewal | |||||
| Garhi | 60 | | |||
| Girari | 30 | |
There are also the following villages; Ganchatra 90 and Ulta 60, taken from the Utmanzais; Amrai 90 (Gujars), Sarai 60, (Utamanzais), Gabasnai 100 (Saiads), Gabai 100 (Saiads) Chanai 400 (Akhun Khel), Gani Kot 40 (Mala Khel) Sat Ketar Hassazais 30.
The villages near the foothills such as Gandaf, Bisak, and Malka Khadi now Malikabad are chiefly dependent on rain for their cultivation, and their land is different in quality. None of the Jadun villages are walled, but a few have towers; they are built of stone, and wood roofs. The land belonging to the villages in the hills is more fertile. The principal occupation of the whole tribe is cattle rearing and agriculture and their buffaloes are celebrated. Considerable quantities of honey, ghee and timber are exported by them to Yusufzais, and cotton cloth, indigo, and salt is taken in return. The Jaduns say that they have 12,000 fighting men, but careful enquiries prove that this is ridiculously over-estimated; and James says, they have only 2,000 men. Colonel Taylor says, the Salar have 1,300 and the Mansoor 1,500; and half of them
The villages near the foothills such as Gandaf, Bisak, and Malka Khadi now Malikabad are chiefly dependent on rain for their cultivation, and their land is different in quality. None of the Jadun villages are walled, but a few have towers; they are built of stone, and wood roofs. The land belonging to the villages in the hills is more fertile. The principal occupation of the whole tribe is cattle rearing and agriculture and their buffaloes are celebrated. Considerable quantities of honey, ghee and timber are exported by them to Yusufzais, and cotton cloth, indigo, and salt is taken in return. The Jaduns say that they have 12,000 fighting men, but careful enquiries prove that this is ridiculously over-estimated; and James says, they have only 2,000 men. Colonel Taylor says, the Salar have 1,300 and the Mansoor 1,500; and half of them
The Jadoons 22
are armed with matchlocks and swords and pikes, and the other half with swords only. They are not considered a fighting tribe, as they contain amongst them a large number of Indian settlers.
According to the latest returns, there were only 33 Jaduns serving in the British army. They only level ground in the Jadoon’s country, which is in front of Gandaf, Bisak, and Malka Khadi. This country is drained by the Pola ravine, which falls into the Indus.
The Jadoons do not appear to have given any trouble till 1861. Sir Herbert Edwards in 1858 AD took engagements from them to prevent the return of the Hindustani fanatics to Sitana. In 1861 these men went to Malka, and began plundering the British territory from Sitana.
The Jadoons were on this called to account for permitting them (Hindustanis) to resettle and to pass through their country when proceeding to, and returning from, British territory. A blockade was instituted, and soon after they expressed themselves willing to submit to any terms demanded of them.”
Accordingly, the following agreements were entered into with their two main sections:
“Whereas the Kabal and Kya branch of the Utmanzai tribe and the Salar division of the Trans- Indus Jadoons on the 12th September 1861 and the 17th September 1861 respectively entered into an agreement with the British Government, the terms of which have at this time been read and fully explained to us by major Adams, deputy commissioner of Hazara and do hereby on behalf of the whole Mansoor division, agree to hold ourselves and tribe
According to the latest returns, there were only 33 Jaduns serving in the British army. They only level ground in the Jadoon’s country, which is in front of Gandaf, Bisak, and Malka Khadi. This country is drained by the Pola ravine, which falls into the Indus.
The Jadoons do not appear to have given any trouble till 1861. Sir Herbert Edwards in 1858 AD took engagements from them to prevent the return of the Hindustani fanatics to Sitana. In 1861 these men went to Malka, and began plundering the British territory from Sitana.
The Jadoons were on this called to account for permitting them (Hindustanis) to resettle and to pass through their country when proceeding to, and returning from, British territory. A blockade was instituted, and soon after they expressed themselves willing to submit to any terms demanded of them.”
Accordingly, the following agreements were entered into with their two main sections:
“Whereas the Kabal and Kya branch of the Utmanzai tribe and the Salar division of the Trans- Indus Jadoons on the 12th September 1861 and the 17th September 1861 respectively entered into an agreement with the British Government, the terms of which have at this time been read and fully explained to us by major Adams, deputy commissioner of Hazara and do hereby on behalf of the whole Mansoor division, agree to hold ourselves and tribe
The Jadoons 23
bound by the terms of the said agreement as set forth in articles I, III, IV, V, VI & VII in the same manner and to the same extent as the Salar division of Jadoons and with reference to article II, not included in the above enumeration, we, on considering the friends of the government our friends, and their enemies our enemies, do hereby pledge ourselves that in the event of any division or faction of any of the contracting tribes infringing the provisions of the agreement and becoming refractory, we will, so far as the fulfilment of our engagement requires, hold ourselves aloof from it, and in such measures as the British authorities may see fit to take, we will render our assistance for the furtherance thereof against the said division or faction and will give to any force employed for its coercion a free road through our country. Further, for the fulfilment of the conditions of this agreement, we agree to be responsible for the villages of Chani held by the Akhund Khel, and Gobai and Gobasnai held by Saiads, seeing that they are subject to our influence and unable to act in the matters to which this agreement has reference, except with our aid and concurrence.
The agreement entered into by the Kabal and Kya branch of the Utmanzai Pathans and the Salar division of the Trans-Indus Jadoons with the British Government, alluded to above, is as follows:
1. We do hereby conjointly and severally pledge ourselves not to permit the Saiads, of Sitana, or the Hindustani fanatics and others associated with them now at Malka, in the Amazai country and elsewhere, or any of them or any other persons inimical to the
The agreement entered into by the Kabal and Kya branch of the Utmanzai Pathans and the Salar division of the Trans-Indus Jadoons with the British Government, alluded to above, is as follows:
1. We do hereby conjointly and severally pledge ourselves not to permit the Saiads, of Sitana, or the Hindustani fanatics and others associated with them now at Malka, in the Amazai country and elsewhere, or any of them or any other persons inimical to the
The Jadoons 24
British govt., or who have committed or intended to commit criminal acts against it, or any other persons, except the members of Utmanzais, Pathans of Kabal and Kaya and their cultivators, to establish themselves at Sitana or within the land pertaining thereto or anywhere within limits of our settlements, and should they endeavor to do so, we will ourselves unite to prevent or expel them; and in the event of any of the parties to this engagement acting in contravention of its terms, that party will alone bear the blame, provided that the remaining parties shall be bound in the case to treat it as an enemy, and to continue to the best of their ability to give effect to the provisions of this agreement.
2. We will consider the friends of the British government our friends, and its enemies our enemies, and in the event of the Mansoor Division of the Trans- Indus Jadoons, which is not a party this agreement containing or becoming refractory, we will, so far as the fulfilment of our present engagement requires hold ourselves aloof from it, and in such measures as the British government may see fit to take we will render our assistance for the furtherance thereof against it, and will give any force employed to punish it a free road through our country.
2. We will consider the friends of the British government our friends, and its enemies our enemies, and in the event of the Mansoor Division of the Trans- Indus Jadoons, which is not a party this agreement containing or becoming refractory, we will, so far as the fulfilment of our present engagement requires hold ourselves aloof from it, and in such measures as the British government may see fit to take we will render our assistance for the furtherance thereof against it, and will give any force employed to punish it a free road through our country.
The Jadoons 25
- Should any person residing within our settlements (including Kandi, Sitana and the lands pertaining thereto) enter the territory of the British government and commit injury therein, we pledge ourselves to be responsible, and either to expel him from our country or to afford such redress as the said government demand. Further, we will permit no person or persons from beyond our borders to pass through our settlement for the purpose of committing injury in British territory, or having committed injury therein, to return through our settlements to his or their place of refuge or abode, and failing in this, we will afford such redress as the British government may demand; provided that for every infringement of this article of the agreement each contracting tribe shall be held separately responsible.
- We will not permit any person or persons conveying money or arms or ammunition, or aid of any kind whatever, to the Hindustani fanatics to pass through our settlements.
- We will not harbour or render assistance to any fugitive, murderer, robber, or thief who has committed crime in British territory, nor will we permit him to come and abide within our settlements. Should he endeavour to do so, we will at once expel him; provided that for every
The Jadoons 26
infingement of this article each tribe shall be held responsible, and shall afford such redress as may be demanded.
- In the event of any British subject committing injury within our settlements, we will not make reprisals, but will claim redress in British Courts.
- Provided that we shall not be hereafter entitled to claim exemption from the fulfilment of all or any of the terms of this agreement on the ground of inability by reason of discord among ourselves, and that for all the purposes thereof we shall be held responsible for the acts of all residents within our settlements, whether members of the contracting tribes or not.
- Additional articles with the Utmanzai of Kabal and Kya. We will not permit any person to convey salt from our settlements across the Indus into British territory, whether he is a resident in our settlement or not.
- Inasmuch as the Kabal ferry of the Indus has been established, and a boat placed thereon for our convenience and advantage by the British government, we hereby declare that we hold it and enjoy the privilege of using it, subject to
The Jadoons 27
further we will permit no residents within our settlements or others to cross the Indus to British territory on inflated skins by night; and those only shall be permitted to cross on them by day to whom permission to do so may be granted by the British permission authorities on the security of respectable Maliks.
- Inasmuch as we are permitted to hold free intercourse with British territory for trading and other purpose without payment of tax or duty, we hereby agree to relinquish all claim to tax and duty on merchandise of every description belonging to resident traders of British territory in its passage through our settlements, as also to all duties heretofore levied on timber floated down the river Indus by British merchants; and in return for the protection we receive in British territory, we agree to afford protection to the best of our ability, to all merchants and others from British territory trading with or through our country, and we will, to the best of our ability, prevent robbers or others from exacting blackmail or other imposts from them within our settlement.
- We will ourselves as the proprietors hold the lands of Sitana, and ourselves
The Jadoons 28
thereof; for purposes of cultivation or otherwise to the Saiads of Sitana, or to the Hindustani fanatics or to the followers of either by the Salar division of Jadoons.”
In 1862 it was recommended that an expedition should be undertaken against the fanatics; but this was postponed, and early in July they reoccupied Sitana, the Jadoons not only making no attempt to prevent them, but also, it is said, that the Mansoor section invited their return. Failing, on due warning, to expel them, the Jadoons, were on the 15th July 1863 subjected to a blockade. On the 7th September the fanatics joined by one of the principal Jadoon chiefs, crossed the border with the intention of attacking a detachment of the Guide Corps at Topi; but, coming across a few horsemen, they retired precipitately. The Ambela campaign then took place. The attitude of the Jadoons, during the campaign was on the whole satisfactory. Most of their chiefs were present in camp with the political officers; and there was no general collection of any part of the tribe against us. Individuals undoubtedly joined the enemy, but not nearly to such a great extent as did our own subjects in Yusufzai. Only two men of the tribe were killed and wounded. One of the headmen, Malik Isa, of the Mansoor Section, however, did not present himself the whole time; and it being considered necessary to require security from the Jadoons generally after the Ambela campaign was over, a brigade, consisting of 10 1st Fusiliers, Hazara and Peshawar Mountain Batteries, 3rd Sikhs Guides, 5th Gurkhas, 3rd Punjab Infantry, and a company of Sappers, under command of Colonel Wilde, C.B, marched from Ambela to Maini, being accompanied
In 1862 it was recommended that an expedition should be undertaken against the fanatics; but this was postponed, and early in July they reoccupied Sitana, the Jadoons not only making no attempt to prevent them, but also, it is said, that the Mansoor section invited their return. Failing, on due warning, to expel them, the Jadoons, were on the 15th July 1863 subjected to a blockade. On the 7th September the fanatics joined by one of the principal Jadoon chiefs, crossed the border with the intention of attacking a detachment of the Guide Corps at Topi; but, coming across a few horsemen, they retired precipitately. The Ambela campaign then took place. The attitude of the Jadoons, during the campaign was on the whole satisfactory. Most of their chiefs were present in camp with the political officers; and there was no general collection of any part of the tribe against us. Individuals undoubtedly joined the enemy, but not nearly to such a great extent as did our own subjects in Yusufzai. Only two men of the tribe were killed and wounded. One of the headmen, Malik Isa, of the Mansoor Section, however, did not present himself the whole time; and it being considered necessary to require security from the Jadoons generally after the Ambela campaign was over, a brigade, consisting of 10 1st Fusiliers, Hazara and Peshawar Mountain Batteries, 3rd Sikhs Guides, 5th Gurkhas, 3rd Punjab Infantry, and a company of Sappers, under command of Colonel Wilde, C.B, marched from Ambela to Maini, being accompanied
The Jadoons 29
by Major James as Political Officer. The brigade arrived at Maini of the 30th December, and on the following day all the chiefs of the tribe assembled in the villages of Bisak and Gandaf, the head quarters of the Mansoor and Salar Section.
On the 1st January, Major James had a discussion with them regarding all the offences, and demanded that they should burn Mandi. They agreed to this, but during the night, instigated by Jahangir Khan, the men of Gandaf left the camp, and declined to be parties to the agreement. Colonel Wilde, therefore proceeded on the morning of the 2nd to Gandaf, and occupying the ridge, at the foot of which it is situated, held it completely at his mercy. On this the headsmen came in and returned to Maini without a shot having been fired. On the 3rd, the force proceeded from Gandaf to Kabal, and on the 4th a portion of the troops went to Mandi and witnessed the burning and destruction of that place by the Jadoons and Utmanzais. On the 5th, the forces returned to Pihur, where the Jadoons and Utmanzais executed fresh agreements, individually and collectively, not to permit the return of the Hindustanis to any part of their country.
But in December, 1864 they again permitted some of these men to reside in Mandi and Sitana, and aided them in plundering expeditions in British territory. In 1865 they continued in this course, and also permitted some of the Saiad fanatics to come to Mandi. In 1866 they also committed some infringements of their treaty, the worst being a meeting held with their sanction, and in their country, to consider whether the fanatics should be permitted to reoccupy Sitana. In January 1867 they permitted
On the 1st January, Major James had a discussion with them regarding all the offences, and demanded that they should burn Mandi. They agreed to this, but during the night, instigated by Jahangir Khan, the men of Gandaf left the camp, and declined to be parties to the agreement. Colonel Wilde, therefore proceeded on the morning of the 2nd to Gandaf, and occupying the ridge, at the foot of which it is situated, held it completely at his mercy. On this the headsmen came in and returned to Maini without a shot having been fired. On the 3rd, the force proceeded from Gandaf to Kabal, and on the 4th a portion of the troops went to Mandi and witnessed the burning and destruction of that place by the Jadoons and Utmanzais. On the 5th, the forces returned to Pihur, where the Jadoons and Utmanzais executed fresh agreements, individually and collectively, not to permit the return of the Hindustanis to any part of their country.
But in December, 1864 they again permitted some of these men to reside in Mandi and Sitana, and aided them in plundering expeditions in British territory. In 1865 they continued in this course, and also permitted some of the Saiad fanatics to come to Mandi. In 1866 they also committed some infringements of their treaty, the worst being a meeting held with their sanction, and in their country, to consider whether the fanatics should be permitted to reoccupy Sitana. In January 1867 they permitted
The Jadoons 30
one of the leading Saiad fanatics to occupy Seri, and in April their council (Jirga) made a request that he might be permitted to remain. Being refused, they reiterated their request, but with no better success. They then, on the 27th April, came down and attempted to build a tower near our border at Kabal, but being attacked by the Utmanzais, were worsted and obliged to desist, having 13 killed and 14 wounded. They then desisted on the further threat of a blockade.
Their conduct continued to be so unsatisfactory that on the 15th June 1870, a blockade was declared against them. They then commenced raiding in our territory, attacking the villages of Barab, Gazai, and Pihur. They were, however, always driven off by the men of Topi and Maini. On the 14th July it was reported that they had sent for aid from the Hindustanis at Polasai.
On the 16th July 1870, they assembled a considerable force in a ravine called the Kondel, and erected a high and strong barricade apparently for the purpose of shelter in the event of their being driven back in any attack on Punjaman, Jhanda, and Boka. At this barricade, 300 men were stationed. In the course of two or three days, however, it was swept away by heavy rain, and was not rebuilt.
On the 17th July 1870, a party of Jadoons made a feint of a night attack on Punjaman. Shots were exchanged, but without loss on either side. The Jadoons retired at noon of the same day, four or five Jadoons headed by Mirbaz, an outlawed British subject, made an attempt to drive off by stealth a herd of cattle belonging to the village of Janda. The
Their conduct continued to be so unsatisfactory that on the 15th June 1870, a blockade was declared against them. They then commenced raiding in our territory, attacking the villages of Barab, Gazai, and Pihur. They were, however, always driven off by the men of Topi and Maini. On the 14th July it was reported that they had sent for aid from the Hindustanis at Polasai.
On the 16th July 1870, they assembled a considerable force in a ravine called the Kondel, and erected a high and strong barricade apparently for the purpose of shelter in the event of their being driven back in any attack on Punjaman, Jhanda, and Boka. At this barricade, 300 men were stationed. In the course of two or three days, however, it was swept away by heavy rain, and was not rebuilt.
On the 17th July 1870, a party of Jadoons made a feint of a night attack on Punjaman. Shots were exchanged, but without loss on either side. The Jadoons retired at noon of the same day, four or five Jadoons headed by Mirbaz, an outlawed British subject, made an attempt to drive off by stealth a herd of cattle belonging to the village of Janda. The
The Jadoons 31
manoeure was discovered in time, and the plunderers got away to the hills, but without their booty.
On The 18th July, some 50 Jadoons made a night attack on Maini; but the Maini men, being on the alert, drove off the assailants without loss.
On the 19th July, one, Aktarai, a chain-career employed in the settlement, was met as he was going in the evening from Topi to Barab by a roving band of Ali Sher Khels and Shabi Khels (Jadoons) and murdered, and his body being afterwards blown up with powder.
On the 20th July some Zemindars of Maini out ploughing were threatened by 50 Jadoons, who made a descent on them. The armed escort of the “Zemindars”, accompanying them, fired on the Jadoons, who returned the shots, but fled as the men of Maini came moving out to the rescue. Later in the day, the watchmen of Datugarh were fired at by a small band of Jadoons, who retired before they could be attacked. The Jadoons’ headquarters moved from Gujar to Malka Kadeh, and preparations were made, for a grand assault on Maini, Topi and Punjaman.
On the 22nd July, an attempt was made during the night to surprise all and do some damage to Pihur, but failed. The police were on the look-out. The outlying pickets of Jhanda and Boka were fired at by straggling parties, but without effect.
On the 24th July, the Jadoons lifted a herd of 15 cattle from the boundence of the village of Salim Khan.
On The 18th July, some 50 Jadoons made a night attack on Maini; but the Maini men, being on the alert, drove off the assailants without loss.
On the 19th July, one, Aktarai, a chain-career employed in the settlement, was met as he was going in the evening from Topi to Barab by a roving band of Ali Sher Khels and Shabi Khels (Jadoons) and murdered, and his body being afterwards blown up with powder.
On the 20th July some Zemindars of Maini out ploughing were threatened by 50 Jadoons, who made a descent on them. The armed escort of the “Zemindars”, accompanying them, fired on the Jadoons, who returned the shots, but fled as the men of Maini came moving out to the rescue. Later in the day, the watchmen of Datugarh were fired at by a small band of Jadoons, who retired before they could be attacked. The Jadoons’ headquarters moved from Gujar to Malka Kadeh, and preparations were made, for a grand assault on Maini, Topi and Punjaman.
On the 22nd July, an attempt was made during the night to surprise all and do some damage to Pihur, but failed. The police were on the look-out. The outlying pickets of Jhanda and Boka were fired at by straggling parties, but without effect.
On the 24th July, the Jadoons lifted a herd of 15 cattle from the boundence of the village of Salim Khan.
The Jadoons 32
On the 25th July, Mr. Priestly reported that, not withstanding these numerous petty attacks, no large force had entered British territory, and they were collected in large numbers at the village Gujar in a threatening attitude. Their application for assistance to the Bunerwals, Swattis, Amazais, and Hindustanis was said to have met with a promise of compliance in case they should be attacked.
On the 26th July the Deputy Commissioner visited the border to see the arrangements made for the defense of the villages. Two towers were built at Punjaman, and were constantly manned with a force of 125 men.
On the 27th July a party of Jadoons came down into the Maini lands and drove off two head of cattle, one of which they afterwards maimed and left.
On the afternoon of the 28th at about 4 P.M. some 300 Jadoons came down and established themselves on a strong position on a mound near Maini, and then commenced firing at long ranges. The Maini men got together and went out to attack them but they were largely reinforced and it was not until near 10 P.M. that the Maini men, reinforced by relief from Topi, were able to attack. Four men and a horse of the attacking party were wounded; the Jadoons fled at once. Their loss is not known, and one of the wounded, Saidullah Khan, a Malik of Maini afterwards died. His death caused a great sensation amongst the Utmanzais, to the family of whose Khan belonged. On the 3rd August three cows and three oxen belonging to one Zebar Shah, grazing within the boundaries of Babinai, were carried off by two Jadoons and an out lawed British subject to the Jadoon village Gujar.
On the 26th July the Deputy Commissioner visited the border to see the arrangements made for the defense of the villages. Two towers were built at Punjaman, and were constantly manned with a force of 125 men.
On the 27th July a party of Jadoons came down into the Maini lands and drove off two head of cattle, one of which they afterwards maimed and left.
On the afternoon of the 28th at about 4 P.M. some 300 Jadoons came down and established themselves on a strong position on a mound near Maini, and then commenced firing at long ranges. The Maini men got together and went out to attack them but they were largely reinforced and it was not until near 10 P.M. that the Maini men, reinforced by relief from Topi, were able to attack. Four men and a horse of the attacking party were wounded; the Jadoons fled at once. Their loss is not known, and one of the wounded, Saidullah Khan, a Malik of Maini afterwards died. His death caused a great sensation amongst the Utmanzais, to the family of whose Khan belonged. On the 3rd August three cows and three oxen belonging to one Zebar Shah, grazing within the boundaries of Babinai, were carried off by two Jadoons and an out lawed British subject to the Jadoon village Gujar.
The Jadoons 33
There was reason to suspect the Maliks of Babinai, themselves Jadoons, of complicity.
On the 4th August 100, Jadoons came to Barab, in British territory, on pretence of taking part in the funeral obsequies of Aslam Ali Khan, a man of some influence, who had died there. After the Fatia, they made a feint of attacking Pihur, but after a number of shots, without harm, retired. On the same date Shahdad Khan of Hund and Ibrahim Khan of Zeda, both of whom with their levies were guarding Punjman at the desire of Jadoons, met their Jirga on the boundary, they having been authorized by the Deputy Commissioner to open communications with them. The Jadoons expressed their desire for peace and readiness to come in and hear on what terms they could again be admitted to our friendship. At the same time they expressed their readiness to return cattle and other property taken from any British subjects, except Utamanzais, and did in fact in several cases return such property. As to the exception, it is to be remarked that owing to the position of the Utmanzais immediately on the Jadun frontier, the collisions that have taken place have been, so far as British subjects are concerned, almost entirely with Utmanzais, and the deaths that have taken place on either side have caused a bitter feeling between the two to which may be added that Kabal, with which the Jadoons have long had a feud, is Utmanzai. It being deemed desirable to get in the Jirga, the two Khans were directed to encourage their attendance, if they were in reality disposed to come to terms. A guarantee of safe conduct was with the same view forwarded, and the Utmanzais strictly prohibited from hostile demonstr-ations of any kind. At the same time, careful watch was enjoined, lest all
On the 4th August 100, Jadoons came to Barab, in British territory, on pretence of taking part in the funeral obsequies of Aslam Ali Khan, a man of some influence, who had died there. After the Fatia, they made a feint of attacking Pihur, but after a number of shots, without harm, retired. On the same date Shahdad Khan of Hund and Ibrahim Khan of Zeda, both of whom with their levies were guarding Punjman at the desire of Jadoons, met their Jirga on the boundary, they having been authorized by the Deputy Commissioner to open communications with them. The Jadoons expressed their desire for peace and readiness to come in and hear on what terms they could again be admitted to our friendship. At the same time they expressed their readiness to return cattle and other property taken from any British subjects, except Utamanzais, and did in fact in several cases return such property. As to the exception, it is to be remarked that owing to the position of the Utmanzais immediately on the Jadun frontier, the collisions that have taken place have been, so far as British subjects are concerned, almost entirely with Utmanzais, and the deaths that have taken place on either side have caused a bitter feeling between the two to which may be added that Kabal, with which the Jadoons have long had a feud, is Utmanzai. It being deemed desirable to get in the Jirga, the two Khans were directed to encourage their attendance, if they were in reality disposed to come to terms. A guarantee of safe conduct was with the same view forwarded, and the Utmanzais strictly prohibited from hostile demonstr-ations of any kind. At the same time, careful watch was enjoined, lest all
The Jadoons 34
this should be a mere feint to throw us off our guard, enabling them, make a damaging attack on some of our frontier villages, a not uncommon trick of these people. The Deputy Commissioner was at once informed of the aspect of affairs, and instructions requested as to the terms that should be offered in case the Jirga came in. It was suggested that:-
- A fine of at least Rs. 1,000 should be imposed in addition to Rs. 1,000 forfeited on account of violated engagements, the refusal to pay which had caused the present complication.
- All property destroyed should be compensated for, and all carried away returned.
- Fresh engagements taken from the principal men, binding them under a fine to respect British territory, and not enter it at any time with an armed force.
- Khadi Khan’s banishment to be insisted upon only, if the temper and disposition of the Jirga should be found to be such as that the demands would be likely to be acquiesced in; otherwise not.
As to the last point, it would doubtless be a
The Jadoons 35
by Khadi Khan, while they were ready to accede to the other terms offered, if became an open question whether we should insist upon this, which would doubtless be the most thorough and efficient settlement of the question, and by so doing indefinitely prolong hostilities or necessitate prompt military action, or be content to settle the present difficulty.
On the 9th August, a great number (reported as 6,000 or 7,000 but no doubt greatly exaggerated) of Jadoons came into the Maini lands with flags, and remained some hours expecting the Maini men to come out and attack them. A body of some 500 advanced to within some few hundred paces of the village, and fired upon it. The Maini men, interpreting too strictly the orders prohibiting them from aggressive hostilities, remained in their villages, and after a time the assailants withdrew. No injury was inflicted.
On the 15th August, Captain Water-field, Deputy Commissioner, reported that the Jadun council had come in to make terms.
They were ordered to pay Rs. 3,285 and give security for Rs. 500 more and also bind themselves for Rs. 1,000 not to violate British territory.
On the 22nd August, Mr. Priestley, Assistant Commissioner, reported that Shahdad Khan of Hund and Ibrahim Khan of Zeda brought in the Jirga of 115 in number, fully representing every section and interest in the tribe, and on the 10th September it was finally reported that the above terms had been accepted.
On the 9th August, a great number (reported as 6,000 or 7,000 but no doubt greatly exaggerated) of Jadoons came into the Maini lands with flags, and remained some hours expecting the Maini men to come out and attack them. A body of some 500 advanced to within some few hundred paces of the village, and fired upon it. The Maini men, interpreting too strictly the orders prohibiting them from aggressive hostilities, remained in their villages, and after a time the assailants withdrew. No injury was inflicted.
On the 15th August, Captain Water-field, Deputy Commissioner, reported that the Jadun council had come in to make terms.
They were ordered to pay Rs. 3,285 and give security for Rs. 500 more and also bind themselves for Rs. 1,000 not to violate British territory.
On the 22nd August, Mr. Priestley, Assistant Commissioner, reported that Shahdad Khan of Hund and Ibrahim Khan of Zeda brought in the Jirga of 115 in number, fully representing every section and interest in the tribe, and on the 10th September it was finally reported that the above terms had been accepted.
The Jadoons 36
Before this, In 1863 Colonel Reynell Taylor recommended an expedition against the Jadoons, and stated his opinion on the matter in the following words:-
“I think the force should consist of 1,000 infantry, 1,00 cavalry, and a sufficient complement of mountain guns. A large amount of mule carriage should be provided, and the European troops employed should be provided with ‘pals’ only, as it is probable that in the march from the Yusufzai plain to the head of the Jadoon country, and from thence down upon Sitana, only the lightest description of tents could be carried. It might be the course, be done by bivouacking, as the Jadun affair would not take more than four or five days, but it would be better if we could encamp at some commanding spot and work deliberately.
The force should assemble, if possible, early in Oct, and enter the hills by the 10th or 15th of that month. The moon should be taken advantage of.
The hill crops ripen about the 15th of October, those of the lower parts about the villages of Bisak and Gandaf would be cut, and the ‘Karbi’ stacked about the same time, being ripe about the end of this month. There would be no lack of forage for the animals even later, as the villagers cannot remove their ‘Karbi’ stacks on short notice. October, unfortunately, is an unhealthy month in the Peshawar valley, but the excitement of service will prevent any ill-effects, and the Europeans should not be moved out to Swabi Maneri till a short time before the final movement.
“I think the force should consist of 1,000 infantry, 1,00 cavalry, and a sufficient complement of mountain guns. A large amount of mule carriage should be provided, and the European troops employed should be provided with ‘pals’ only, as it is probable that in the march from the Yusufzai plain to the head of the Jadoon country, and from thence down upon Sitana, only the lightest description of tents could be carried. It might be the course, be done by bivouacking, as the Jadun affair would not take more than four or five days, but it would be better if we could encamp at some commanding spot and work deliberately.
The force should assemble, if possible, early in Oct, and enter the hills by the 10th or 15th of that month. The moon should be taken advantage of.
The hill crops ripen about the 15th of October, those of the lower parts about the villages of Bisak and Gandaf would be cut, and the ‘Karbi’ stacked about the same time, being ripe about the end of this month. There would be no lack of forage for the animals even later, as the villagers cannot remove their ‘Karbi’ stacks on short notice. October, unfortunately, is an unhealthy month in the Peshawar valley, but the excitement of service will prevent any ill-effects, and the Europeans should not be moved out to Swabi Maneri till a short time before the final movement.
The Jadoons 37
Large depots of suppliers must be formed at Mardan Kirplain.
“The Jadoons must be called upon to turn out the Hindustanis, come in, and pay a heavy fine for all the trouble they have given. Failing their doing this, their villages must be destroyed. If we decide on dealing more leniently with the Salar division and I am in favour of making distinctions according to conduct, their possessions may be favoured and spared. The villages of the Jadoons are very numerous. It would probably be a sufficient lesson to select the Mansoor villages for punishment. Descending from the Jadun country into the Sitana lands, the village of the Mandi and all the buildings of the fanatics must be destroyed, the Utmanzai tribe, whose possessions lie in the strip of country from Kabal to Mandi, must also be dealt with as may appear necessary, their offence is not so great as that of the Jadoons, because their power to resist was less and they may probably be spared on the payment of a fine.
It probably will be found advisable that the column marching through the hills be met, on descending from Sitana, either by a column marching via Topi, Kabal and Kya or by a column crossing from the left bank at or near Rorgurh.
For the routes to be taken, we at present depend on the expedition of 1858 for the ascent of the southern spurs of the Mahaban mountain. That a force accompanied by a 24-pr howitzer and cavalry was able to ascend to Mangal Thana, on one of the main shoulders of the Mahaban, from whence Colonel Edwards wrote that he ascertained that two marches would take him by a practicable but bad road to
“The Jadoons must be called upon to turn out the Hindustanis, come in, and pay a heavy fine for all the trouble they have given. Failing their doing this, their villages must be destroyed. If we decide on dealing more leniently with the Salar division and I am in favour of making distinctions according to conduct, their possessions may be favoured and spared. The villages of the Jadoons are very numerous. It would probably be a sufficient lesson to select the Mansoor villages for punishment. Descending from the Jadun country into the Sitana lands, the village of the Mandi and all the buildings of the fanatics must be destroyed, the Utmanzai tribe, whose possessions lie in the strip of country from Kabal to Mandi, must also be dealt with as may appear necessary, their offence is not so great as that of the Jadoons, because their power to resist was less and they may probably be spared on the payment of a fine.
It probably will be found advisable that the column marching through the hills be met, on descending from Sitana, either by a column marching via Topi, Kabal and Kya or by a column crossing from the left bank at or near Rorgurh.
For the routes to be taken, we at present depend on the expedition of 1858 for the ascent of the southern spurs of the Mahaban mountain. That a force accompanied by a 24-pr howitzer and cavalry was able to ascend to Mangal Thana, on one of the main shoulders of the Mahaban, from whence Colonel Edwards wrote that he ascertained that two marches would take him by a practicable but bad road to
The Jadoons 38
Sitana across the hills sufficiently demonstrates the feasibility of marching to the head of the Jadun country, either direct from Topi via Bisak, or by following the route of the expedition of 1858 to Mangal Thana, and from thence working across.
There are two ways of coercing the Trans- Indus portion of this tribe (1) by blockade. As their cultivation is carried on in a great measure by our permission, and they depend much on their trade with the plains, this would soon render them quite helpless (2) by invasion. If this was chosen, an expedition should start on the 1st September or 1st October when their cattle are collected and their autumn crops got in, or early in April, when their spring crops are ready. At these seasons they could be punished by the loss of property to the value of Rs. 80,000 viz. Crops Rs. 30,000, cattle Rs. 25,000 houses and property Rs, 25,000. Unless they were surprised, they could send their cattle to the Amanzais. Their country could be over-run without other tribes being molested or approached too nearly. The hill portion would of course be the more difficult, as they have a retreat open to them. Two days would suffice for a surprise, expedition, and return.”
Mr. Beckett says of the Jadoons in his memorandum on the Yusufzais frontier “A good many of men come down to British territory and cultivate land, they purchase grain from us in times of scarcity, and import cotton goods and salt, they also carry on gold-washing in the Indus, they sell goats, fowls, ghee, wood, honey and forest produce. A blockade has on several occasions proved effective, and a seizure could always be made. They cannot cultivate
There are two ways of coercing the Trans- Indus portion of this tribe (1) by blockade. As their cultivation is carried on in a great measure by our permission, and they depend much on their trade with the plains, this would soon render them quite helpless (2) by invasion. If this was chosen, an expedition should start on the 1st September or 1st October when their cattle are collected and their autumn crops got in, or early in April, when their spring crops are ready. At these seasons they could be punished by the loss of property to the value of Rs. 80,000 viz. Crops Rs. 30,000, cattle Rs. 25,000 houses and property Rs, 25,000. Unless they were surprised, they could send their cattle to the Amanzais. Their country could be over-run without other tribes being molested or approached too nearly. The hill portion would of course be the more difficult, as they have a retreat open to them. Two days would suffice for a surprise, expedition, and return.”
Mr. Beckett says of the Jadoons in his memorandum on the Yusufzais frontier “A good many of men come down to British territory and cultivate land, they purchase grain from us in times of scarcity, and import cotton goods and salt, they also carry on gold-washing in the Indus, they sell goats, fowls, ghee, wood, honey and forest produce. A blockade has on several occasions proved effective, and a seizure could always be made. They cannot cultivate
The Jadoons 39
their lands in the open plain when blockaded, and they fear attack.
As a general rule, it may be stated that all the tribes round could sustain a blockade as far as the necessaries of life go, but the injury to their trade would be so great that they could not stand it. Supposing one tribe to be under blockade, it would be possible to prevent their getting supplies form their neighbors in the bills.”
In 1876, Mokharrab Khan of Panjtar incited the Gaduns to join him as allies with the Amazais against his own tribe, the Khudu Khel. An action took place at Dakara; and subsequently the Amazais and Gaduns returned to their own country, shortly after which the Gaduns were brought off, and retired from the coalition against the Khudu Khel.
In 1880, the Gaduns were fined Rs. 200 for detaining a government messenger, and in 1883, Rs. 800 for murder in British territory. Lately, the Hindustani fanatics have made overtures to them to be allowed to again return within their territory, but the Gaduns have declined to allow it.
The Gaduns are, as a rule, a peaceable tribe, probably owing chiefly to their country being an open and easy one. They have no chief of any note, their chiefs changing in accordance with the predominance of local political factions. They are great stealers of cattle.
The Trans-Indus Gadoon boundaries may be defined as follows:-
As a general rule, it may be stated that all the tribes round could sustain a blockade as far as the necessaries of life go, but the injury to their trade would be so great that they could not stand it. Supposing one tribe to be under blockade, it would be possible to prevent their getting supplies form their neighbors in the bills.”
In 1876, Mokharrab Khan of Panjtar incited the Gaduns to join him as allies with the Amazais against his own tribe, the Khudu Khel. An action took place at Dakara; and subsequently the Amazais and Gaduns returned to their own country, shortly after which the Gaduns were brought off, and retired from the coalition against the Khudu Khel.
In 1880, the Gaduns were fined Rs. 200 for detaining a government messenger, and in 1883, Rs. 800 for murder in British territory. Lately, the Hindustani fanatics have made overtures to them to be allowed to again return within their territory, but the Gaduns have declined to allow it.
The Gaduns are, as a rule, a peaceable tribe, probably owing chiefly to their country being an open and easy one. They have no chief of any note, their chiefs changing in accordance with the predominance of local political factions. They are great stealers of cattle.
The Trans-Indus Gadoon boundaries may be defined as follows:-
The Jadoons 40
EAST :
The Indus from opposite Rorgurh to the British frontier south of Kabal.
SOUTH
The British frontier form the Indus to Punjman.
WEST
A line following roughly the right side of the Punjman valley nearly upto its source, and thence to top of Mahaban ridge.
NORTH
The Mahaban mountain from the Indus opposite Rorgurh to a point north-east of Gazikot “(Bellew Lockwood, Taylor, Wilde, Priestly, Beckett, Warlerfield, Warburton, Young)”
The Indus from opposite Rorgurh to the British frontier south of Kabal.
SOUTH
The British frontier form the Indus to Punjman.
WEST
A line following roughly the right side of the Punjman valley nearly upto its source, and thence to top of Mahaban ridge.
NORTH
The Mahaban mountain from the Indus opposite Rorgurh to a point north-east of Gazikot “(Bellew Lockwood, Taylor, Wilde, Priestly, Beckett, Warlerfield, Warburton, Young)”
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